I appreciate you guys laying it out there and doing the math for me (even though I'm an engineer and a math nut), but my point is that how to determine it independently is not actually listed where it should be: the wiki. Actually saying how to determine it (the formula) would forego someone posting this very question on the forum.
In fact, I posted another game mechanics question several months ago regarding the Breakthrough research and whether it was still dependent on the attack strength of an escort or just the number of ships in escort. I never got an answer. I ended up getting my answer off experimentation with the simulator and assumptions based on the results. I don't like working off assumptions. Heck, I'm an engineer!
Give me formulas, or give me death!
I can understand the developers not wanting to release actual algorithms used in-game...but a little more than a clue would be nice. You know?